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Joseph Conrad
Joseph Conrad (born Józef Teodor Konrad Korzeniowski; 3 December 1857 – 3 August 1924) was a Polish-British writer regarded as one of the greatest novelists to write in the English language. He was granted British nationality in 1886 but always considered himself a Pole.〔In a 14 February 1901 letter to his namesake Józef Korzeniowski, a librarian at Kraków's Jagiellonian University, Conrad would write, partly in reference to some Poles' accusation that he had deserted the Polish cause by writing in English: "It is widely known that I am a Pole and that Józef Konrad are my () names, the latter being used by me as a surname so that foreign mouths should not distort my real surname – a distortion which I cannot stand. It does not seem to me that I have been unfaithful to my country by having proved to the English that a gentleman from the Ukraine can be as good a sailor as they, and has something to tell them in their own language." Zdzisław Najder, ''Joseph Conrad: A Life'', pp. 311–12.〕 Though he did not speak English fluently until he was in his twenties (and always with a marked accent), he was a master prose stylist who brought a distinctly non-English sensibility into English literature.〔Rudyard Kipling felt that "with a pen in his hand he was first amongst us" but that there was nothing English in Conrad's mentality: "When I am reading him, I always have the impression that I am reading an excellent translation of a foreign author." Cited in Jeffrey Meyers, ''Joseph Conrad: A Biography'', p. 209. Cf. Zdzisław Najder's similar observation: "He was... an English writer who grew up in other linguistic and cultural environments. His work can be seen as located in the borderland of ''auto-translation'' (added by Wikipedia )." Zdzisław Najder, ''Joseph Conrad: A Life'', 2007, p. IX.〕〔("Poland" ) ''Encyclopædia Britannica''. 2009. Encyclopædia Britannica Online. 5 August 2009〕 He wrote stories and novels, many with a nautical setting, that depict trials of the human spirit in the midst of an impassive, inscrutable universe.〔Conrad writes: "In this world—as I have known it—we are made to suffer without the shadow of a reason, of a cause or of guilt.... There is no morality, no knowledge and no hope; there is only the consciousness of ourselves which drives us about a world that... is always but a vain and fleeting appearance...." Jeffrey Meyers, ''Joseph Conrad: A Biography'', 1991, p. 166.〕
Joseph Conrad is considered an early modernist, though his works still contain elements of nineteenth-century realism.〔J. H. Stape, ''The New Cambridge Companion to Joseph Conrad''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014, p. 103–4.()〕 His narrative style and anti-heroic characters〔See J. H. Stape, ''The New Cambridge Companion to Joseph Conrad'', p. 70, re ''Lord Jim'', for example. ()〕 have influenced many authors, including T. S. Eliot, William Faulkner,〔 Graham Greene,〔John Stape, ''The Several Lives of Joseph Conrad'', p. 271.〕 and more recently Salman Rushdie.〔The title of Rushdie's ''Joseph Anton: A Memoir'' conflates the given names of ''Joseph'' Conrad and ''Anton'' Chekhov, two of Rushdie's favourite authors. ("Meeting Salman Rushdie", BBC, 17 September 2012 ).〕 Many films have been adapted from, or inspired by, Conrad's works.
Writing in the heyday of the British Empire, Conrad drew on his native Poland's national experiences〔H.S. Zins writes: "Conrad made English literature more mature and reflective because he called attention to the sheer horror of political realities overlooked by English citizens and politicians. The case of Poland, his oppressed homeland, was one such issue. The colonial exploitation of Africans was another. His condemnation of imperialism and colonialism, combined with sympathy for its persecuted and suffering victims, was drawn from his Polish background, his own personal sufferings, and the experience of a persecuted people living under foreign occupation. Personal memories created in him a great sensitivity for human degradation and a sense of moral responsibility." H.S. Zins, "Joseph Conrad and British Critics of Colonialism", ''Pula'', vol. 12, nos. 1 & 2, 1998, p. 63.〕 and on his personal experiences in the French and British merchant navies to create short stories and novels that reflect aspects of a European-dominated world, while profoundly exploring human psychology. Appreciated early on by literary critics, his fiction and nonfiction have since been seen as almost prophetic, in the light of subsequent national and international disasters of the 20th and 21st centuries.〔
==Life==
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